Ill Never Ill Never Ill Never Again Even if I Live to Be 100 Ir 110
| Eternal Leader Kim Il-sung | |
|---|---|
| 김일성 金日成 | |
 Kim in 1950 | |
| General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea | |
| In part 12 October 1966 – eight July 1994 | |
| Secretary | Run across list
|
| Preceded past | Himself (every bit Chairman) |
| Succeeded by | Kim Jong-il |
| President of North Korea | |
| In function 28 December 1972 – viii July 1994 | |
| Premier | See listing
|
| Vice President | See list
|
| Preceded by | Office established [a] |
| Succeeded by | Role abolished [b] [c] |
| Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea | |
| In part 24 June 1949 – 12 Oct 1966 | |
| Vice Chairman | See listing
|
| Preceded by | Kim Tu-bell |
| Succeeded by | Himself (as General Secretarial assistant) |
| 1st Premier of North korea | |
| In office 9 September 1948 – 28 December 1972 | |
| Starting time Vice Premier | Kim Il |
| Vice Premier | See list
|
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Kim Il |
| Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army | |
| In office 5 July 1950 – 24 Dec 1991 | |
| Preceded by | Choe Yong-gon |
| Succeeded past | Kim Jong-il |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Kim Song-ju (1912-04-fifteen)fifteen April 1912 Heijō, Heian'nan-dō, Chōsen (at present Pyongyang, North korea) |
| Died | 8 July 1994(1994-07-08) (aged 82) Hyangsan Residence, Hyangsan County, North Pyongan Province, North Korea |
| Resting identify | Kumsusan Palace of the Sun, Pyongyang |
| Nationality | North Korean |
| Political party | Workers' Party of Korea |
| Other political affiliations | Workers' Political party of Democratic people's republic of korea (1946–1949) Chinese Communist Party (1931–1946) |
| Spouse(s) |
|
| Children |
|
| Parent(s) | Kim Hyong-jik Kang Pan-sok |
| Relatives | Kim family |
| Residence(south) | Pyongyang, North korea |
| Profession | Politician |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |
|
| Co-operative/service |  Korean People's Ground forces Footing Forcefulness Cherry Ground forces Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army |
| Years of service |
|
| Rank |  Taewŏnsu ( 대원수 ) |
| Unit of measurement | 88th Divide Rifle Brigade, Red Army |
| Commands | All (Supreme Commander) |
| Battles/wars |
|
| Korean proper noun | |
| Chosŏn'gŭl | 김일성 |
| Hancha | 金日成 |
| Revised Romanization | Gim Il(-)seong |
| McCune–Reischauer | Kim Ilsŏng |
| Birth name | |
| Chosŏn'gŭl | 김성주 |
| Hancha | 金成柱 |
| Revised Romanization | Gim Seong(-)ju |
| McCune–Reischauer | Kim Sŏngchu |
| Central institution membership
Other offices held
Republic of Korea
| |
Kim Il-sung [d] (;[ii] Korean: 김일성 , Korean pronunciation: [kimils͈ʌŋ]; born Kim Vocal-ju [3] ( 김성주 ); 15 April 1912 – eight July 1994) was a Northward Korean politician and the founder of North korea, which he ruled from the country's establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994. He held the posts of Premier from 1948 to 1972 and President from 1972 to 1994. He was too the leader of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) from 1949 to 1994 (titled as Chairman from 1949 to 1966 and as General Secretary afterwards 1966). Coming to power later the finish of Japanese rule in 1945, he authorized the invasion of Southward Korea in 1950, triggering an intervention in defence of South Korea by the United Nations led by the United States. Following the military stalemate in the Korean War, a armistice was signed on 27 July 1953. He was the 3rd longest-serving non-royal head of state/government in the 20th century, in office for more than 45 years.
Under his leadership, North Korea was established every bit a communist country with a centrally planned economy, considered past political scientists to exist a personalist dictatorship. Information technology had close political and economic relations with the Soviet Spousal relationship. By the late 1950s and during the 1960s and 1970s, Democratic people's republic of korea enjoyed a higher standard of living than the South, which was suffering from political anarchy and economical crises. The situation was reversed in the 1980s, every bit a newly stable Southward Korea became an economic powerhouse which was fueled by Japanese and American investment, war machine aid and internal economic development, while N Korea stagnated then declined during the same period. Differences emerged between North Korea and the Soviet Union, chief among them was Kim Il-sung'southward philosophy of Juche, which focused on Korean nationalism, self-reliance and socialism. Despite this, the country received funds, subsidies and aid from the USSR and the Eastern Bloc until the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. The resulting loss of economic aid adversely afflicted the North's economy, causing widespread famine in 1994. During this catamenia, Democratic people's republic of korea also remained critical of the The states defense force force'south presence in the region, which information technology considered imperialist, having seized the American transport USS Pueblo in 1968, which was function of an infiltration and subversion campaign to reunify the peninsula nether North Korea's rule. Kim outlived his allies Joseph Stalin past four decades and Mao Zedong by almost 2 decades, and remained in power during the terms of office of half dozen Due south Korean Presidents and x US Presidents. Known as the Keen Leader (Suryong), he established a personality cult which dominates domestic politics in Due north Korea.
At the 6th WPK Congress in 1980, his oldest son Kim Jong-il was elected to be a Presidium member and chosen to exist his successor. Kim Il-sung's birthday is a public holiday in Democratic people's republic of korea chosen the "Twenty-four hours of the Sunday". In 1998, iv years after his death, Kim Il-sung was declared "eternal President of the Republic".
Early life
Controversy about origins
Controversy surrounds Kim'due south life before the founding of North korea, with some labeling him an impostor. Several sources indicate that the proper name "Kim Il-sung" had previously been used past a prominent early leader of the Korean resistance, Kim Kyung-cheon.[four] : 44 The Soviet officer Grigory Mekler, who worked with Kim during the Soviet occupation, said that Kim causeless this name from a quondam commander who had died.[v] However, historian Andrei Lankov has argued that this is unlikely to be true. Several witnesses knew Kim before and after his fourth dimension in the Soviet Wedlock, including his superior, Zhou Baozhong, who dismissed the merits of a "second" Kim in his diaries.[6] : 55 Historian Bruce Cumings pointed out that Japanese officers from the Kwantung Army have attested to his fame as a resistance effigy.[seven] : 160–161 Historians generally have the view that, while Kim's exploits were exaggerated by the personality cult which was built around him, he was a significant guerrilla leader.[8] [9] [10] A documentation at the National Archives and Records Assistants shows that Usa Army Armed forces Regime in Korea have acknowledged that Kim was formerly named Kim Vocal-ju, and he was a nephew of Anti-Japanese General Kim Il-sung; later he used his uncle'due south name after his uncle's expiry.[11]
Family background
Effectually the time the song Star of Korea was being spread, my comrades changed my proper name and began to phone call me Han Byol ... meaning "1 Star". It was Pyon Tae U and other public-minded people in Wujiazi and such immature communists every bit Choe Il Chon who proposed to change my name into Kim Il Sung. Thus I was called by iii names, Song Ju, Han Byol and Il Sung. ... I did not like to be called by another name. Nevertheless less did I tolerate the people extolling me by comparing me to a star or the sun; it did not befit me, [as a] young man. But my comrades would not mind to me, no matter how sternly I rebuked them for it or argued against it....
It was in the spring of 1931 when I spent some iii weeks in prison house, having been arrested by the warlords in Guyushu, that the name Kim Il Sung appeared in the press for the first time. Until that time near of my acquaintances had chosen me by my existent proper noun, Song Ju. It was in later years when I started the armed struggle in east Manchuria that I was chosen past one name, Kim Il Sung, by my comrades. These comrades upheld me as their leader, even giving me a new proper noun and singing a song about me. Thus they expressed their innermost feelings.
—Kim Il-sung, With the Century [12] : 110–111
He was born to Kim Hyŏng-jik and Kang Pan-sŏk, who gave him the proper name Kim Sŏng-ju; Kim also had 2 younger brothers, Ch'ŏl-chu (or Kim Chul-ju) and Kim Yŏng-ju.[thirteen] : 3
Kim's family is said to take originated from Jeonju, Northward Jeolla Province. His great-grandfather, Kim Ung-u, settled in Mangyongdae in 1860. Kim is reported to have been born in the modest hamlet of Mangyungbong (then chosen Namni) near Pyongyang on 15 April 1912.[14] [15] : 12 According to an early semi-official biography of Kim Il-sung, which was published in 1964 in Nippon with Northward Korean support, Kim was born in his mother's home in Chingjong, and afterwards grew upwardly in Mangyungbong.[xvi] : 73
According to Kim, his family unit was not impoverished, but was always a footstep away from existence so. Kim said that he was raised in a Presbyterian family unit, that his maternal grandfather was a Protestant government minister, that his male parent had gone to a missionary school and was an elder in the Presbyterian Church building, and that his parents were very active in the religious community.[17] [18] Co-ordinate to an official North Korean government account, Kim's family participated in anti-Japanese activities and in 1920, they fled to Manchuria. Like most Korean families, they resented Japanese occupation of the Korean peninsula, which began on 29 August 1910.[fifteen] : 12 Another view seems to be that his family unit settled in Manchuria, as many Koreans had at the time, to escape famine. Nonetheless, Kim's parents, especially Kim's mother Kang Ban Suk, played a role in the anti-Japanese struggle that was sweeping the peninsula.[15] : 16 Their exact involvement—whether their crusade was missionary, nationalist, or both—is unclear.[6] : 53 Still, Japanese repression of Korean opposition was harsh, resulting in the abort and detention of more than than 52,000 Korean citizens in 1912 alone.[15] : thirteen This repression forced many Korean families to flee the Korean peninsula, and settle in Manchuria.[nineteen]
Communist and guerrilla activities
Members of the 88th Separate Rifle Brigade, an international war machine unit of the Ruby Army. Kim is at the front row, 2d from right. (1943)
In October 1926, Kim founded the Downward-with-Imperialism Union.[20] Kim attended Whasung Armed services University in 1926, but finding the academy'southward training methods outdated, he quit in 1927. From that time, he attended Yuwen Middle Schoolhouse in China's Jilin province upwardly to 1930,[21] where he rejected the feudal traditions of older-generation Koreans and became interested in communist ideologies; his formal pedagogy ended when the police arrested and jailed him for his subversive activities. At seventeen, Kim had go the youngest member of an underground Marxist organization with fewer than twenty members, led by Hŏ So, who belonged to the Due south Manchurian Communist Youth Clan. The police force discovered the group three weeks after it formed in 1929, and jailed Kim for several months.[6] : 52 [thirteen] : 7
In 1931, Kim joined the Chinese Communist Political party—the Communist Party of Korea had been founded in 1925, merely had been thrown out of the Comintern in the early 1930s for being too nationalist. He joined various anti-Japanese guerrilla groups in northern China. Feelings against the Japanese ran loftier in Manchuria, only equally of May 1930 the Japanese had not yet occupied Manchuria. On xxx May 1930, a spontaneous violent uprising in eastern Manchuria arose in which peasants attacked some local villages in the proper name of resisting "Japanese assailment."[22] The authorities hands suppressed this unplanned, reckless and unfocused uprising. Because of the attack, the Japanese began to program an occupation of Manchuria.[23] In a speech Kim allegedly fabricated before a meeting of Young Communist League delegates on 20 May 1931 in Yenchi Canton in Manchuria,[24] he warned the delegates against such unplanned uprisings as the xxx May 1930 uprising in eastern Manchuria.[25]
Four months later, on eighteen September 1931, the "Mukden Incident" occurred, in which a relatively weak dynamite explosive charge went off near a Japanese railroad in the town of Mukden in Manchuria. Although no impairment occurred, the Japanese used the incident every bit an excuse to ship armed forces into Manchuria and to engage a puppet government.[26] In 1935, Kim became a member of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army, a guerrilla group led by the Chinese Communist Political party.[ commendation needed ] Kim was appointed[ by whom? ] the same twelvemonth to serve as political commissar for the 3rd detachment of the second division, consisting of effectually 160 soldiers.[6] : 53 Here Kim met the man who would become his mentor as a communist, Wei Zhengmin, Kim's immediate superior officer, who served at the time as chairman of the Political Committee of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army. Wei reported direct to Kang Sheng, a high-ranking party member close to Mao Zedong in Yan'an, until Wei's expiry on 8 March 1941.[thirteen] : 8–10
In 1935, Kim took the name Kim Il-sung, meaning "Kim become the sun".[27] : thirty Kim was appointed commander of the sixth division in 1937, at the age of 24, controlling a few hundred men in a grouping that came to be known as "Kim Il-sung's partitioning". While commanding this partition, he executed a raid on Poch'onbo, on 4 June 1937. Although Kim'south partitioning only captured the pocket-sized Japanese-held town just within the Korean border for a few hours, it was nonetheless considered[ by whom? ] a military success at this fourth dimension, when the guerrilla units had experienced difficulty in capturing any enemy territory. This achievement would grant Kim some measure of fame amidst Chinese guerrillas, and N Korean biographies would afterwards exploit information technology as a slap-up victory for Korea. For their part, the Japanese regarded Kim every bit one of the most constructive and popular Korean guerrilla leaders.[7] : 160–161 [28] He appeared on Japanese wanted lists as the "Tiger".[29] The Japanese "Maeda Unit" was sent to chase him in February 1940.[29] Later in 1940, the Japanese kidnapped a woman named Kim Hye-sun, believed to have been Kim Il-Sung's first wife. After using her equally a hostage to try to convince the Korean guerrillas to surrender, she was killed. Kim was appointed commander of the 2nd operational region for the 1st Army, but past the stop of 1940 he was the just 1st Regular army leader withal alive. Pursued by Japanese troops, Kim and what remained of his ground forces escaped by crossing the Amur River into the Soviet Wedlock.[half-dozen] : 53–54 Kim was sent to a camp at Vyatskoye near Khabarovsk, where the Soviets retrained the Korean communist guerrillas. In August 1942, Kim and his army were assigned to a special unit of measurement known equally the 88th Dissever Rifle Brigade, which belonged to the Soviet Red Army. Kim's immediate superior was Zhou Baozhong.[xxx] [31] Kim became a Major in the Soviet Red Army[13] : 50 and served in it until the stop of World State of war II in 1945.[32]
Render to Korea
The Soviet Marriage alleged war on Japan on 8 August 1945, and the Scarlet Army entered Pyongyang on 24 August 1945. Stalin had instructed Lavrentiy Beria to recommend a communist leader for the Soviet-occupied territories and Beria met Kim several times before recommending him to Stalin.[xiv] [33] [34]
Kim arrived in the Korean port of Wonsan on 19 September 1945 after 26 years in exile.[27] : 51 According to Leonid Vassin, an officer with the Soviet MVD, Kim was substantially "created from zero". For one, his Korean was marginal at best; he only had eight years of formal education, all of information technology in Chinese. He needed considerable coaching to read a speech (which the MVD prepared for him) at a Communist Party congress three days after he arrived.[4] : 50
In December 1945, the Soviets installed Kim equally Beginning Secretary of the North Korean Co-operative Bureau of the Korean Communist Party.[27] : 56 Originally, the Soviets preferred Cho Human-sik to pb a popular forepart government, simply Cho refused to support a UN-backed trusteeship and clashed with Kim.[35] General Terentii Shtykov, who led the Soviet occupation of northern Korea, supported Kim over Pak Hon-yong to lead the Conditional People's Committee for N Korea on viii February 1946.[36] As chairman of the commission, Kim was "the acme Korean authoritative leader in the North," though he was still de facto subordinate to General Shtykov until the Chinese intervention in the Korean War.[34] [27] : 56 [36]
To solidify his control, Kim established the Korean People's Regular army (KPA), aligned with the Communist Party, and he recruited a cadre of guerrillas and former soldiers who had gained combat experience in battles against the Japanese and subsequently against Nationalist Chinese troops.[37] Using Soviet advisers and equipment, Kim constructed a large army skilled in infiltration tactics and guerrilla warfare. Prior to Kim's invasion of the South in 1950, which triggered the Korean State of war, Stalin equipped the KPA with modernistic, Soviet-built medium tanks, trucks, arms, and small arms. Kim besides formed an air force, equipped at first with Soviet-built propeller-driven fighters and attack aircraft. Later, N Korean airplane pilot candidates were sent to the Soviet Union and Prc to train in MiG-xv jet shipping at secret bases.[38]
Leader of North Korea
Early years
Despite Un plans to comport all-Korean elections, the Soviets held elections of their own in their zone on 25 August 1948 for a Supreme People's Associates.[39] Voters were presented with a single list from the Communist-dominated Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland.[ citation needed ] The North korea was proclaimed on ix September 1948, with Kim as the Soviet-designated premier. On xv August 1948, the south had declared statehood as the Democracy of Korea. The Communist Party was nominally led past Kim Tu-bell, though from the outset Kim Il-sung held the real power.[ citation needed ]
On 12 October, the Soviet Wedlock recognized Kim's government as the sovereign regime of the entire peninsula, including the south.[twoscore] The Communist Party merged with the New People'south Party of Korea to class the Workers' Political party of N Korea, with Kim as vice-chairman. In 1949, the Workers' Political party of Democratic people's republic of korea merged with its southern counterpart to become the Workers' Political party of Korea (WPK) with Kim as party chairman.[41] By 1949, Kim and the communists had consolidated their rule in North Korea.[4] : 53 Effectually this time, Kim began promoting an intense personality cult. The kickoff of many statues of him appeared, and he began calling himself "Great Leader".[4] : 53
In February 1946, Kim Il-sung decided to introduce a number of reforms. Over 50% of the arable land was redistributed, an 8-60 minutes work day was proclaimed and all heavy manufacture was to be nationalized.[13] : 68 There were improvements in the health of the population later he nationalized healthcare and made information technology available to all citizens.[42]
Korean State of war
Archival material suggests[43] [44] [45] that North Korea'due south decision to invade South Korea was Kim's initiative, not a Soviet one. Evidence suggests that Soviet intelligence, through its espionage sources in the Usa government and British Sister, had obtained information on the limitations of US atomic bomb stockpiles as well as defense force programme cuts, leading Stalin to conclude that the Truman administration would non intervene in Korea.[46]
China acquiesced merely reluctantly to the idea of Korean reunification after being told by Kim that Stalin had approved the action.[43] [44] [45] The Chinese did not provide North korea with directly military support (other than logistics channels) until United Nations troops, largely U.s.a. forces, had near reached the Yalu River tardily in 1950. At the beginning of the war in June and July, North Korean forces captured Seoul and occupied almost of the South, save for a pocket-sized department of territory in the southeast region of the Southward that was called the Pusan Perimeter. Just in September, the Due north Koreans were driven back by the U.s.a.-led counterattack that started with the UN landing in Incheon, followed by a combined Due south Korean-Us-United nations offensive from the Pusan Perimeter. By October, UN forces had retaken Seoul and invaded the Northward to reunify the land under the Due south. On 19 Oct, US and Southward Korean troops captured P'yŏngyang, forcing Kim and his government to flee due north, first to Sinuiju and eventually into Kanggye.[47] [48]
On 25 Oct 1950, after sending various warnings of their intent to intervene if Un forces did not halt their advance,[49] : 23 Chinese troops in the thousands crossed the Yalu River and entered the war equally allies of the KPA. There were nonetheless tensions betwixt Kim and the Chinese government. Kim had been warned of the likelihood of an amphibious landing at Incheon, which was ignored. There was also a sense that the Due north Koreans had paid footling in war compared to the Chinese who had fought for their land for decades against foes with better technology.[49] : 335–336 The United nations troops were forced to withdraw and Chinese troops retook P'yŏngyang in December and Seoul in January 1951. In March, United nations forces began a new offensive, retaking Seoul and advanced due north in one case again halting at a signal just north of the 38th Parallel. Later on a series of offensives and counter-offensives past both sides, followed by a grueling menses of largely static trench warfare that lasted from the summertime of 1951 to July 1953, the forepart was stabilized along what eventually became the permanent "Ceasefire Line" of 27 July 1953. Over 2.5 million people died during the Korean war.[50]
Chinese and Russian documents from that time reveal that Kim became increasingly drastic to establish a truce, since the likelihood that farther fighting would successfully unify Korea under his rule became more than remote with the UN and US presence. Kim too resented the Chinese taking over the majority of the fighting in his country, with Chinese forces stationed at the center of the front line, and the Korean People's Regular army being more often than not restricted to the littoral flanks of the forepart.[51]
Consolidating ability
With the stop of the Korean War, despite the failure to unify Korea under his rule, Kim Il-sung proclaimed the state of war a victory in the sense that he had remained in power in the north. However, the iii-year war left Democratic people's republic of korea devastated, and Kim immediately embarked on a large reconstruction effort. He launched a five-year national economic plan to institute a command economic system, with all manufacture owned by the state and all agronomics collectivized. The economic system was focused on heavy industry and arms product. Past the 1960s, North Korea briefly enjoyed a standard of living higher than the South, which was fraught with political instability and economic crises.[52] [53] [54] Both S and North korea retained huge armed forces to defend the 1953 Demilitarized Zone, and US forces remained in the South.[ commendation needed ]
In the ensuing years, Kim established himself as an contained leader of international communism. In 1956, he joined Mao in the "anti-revisionist" camp, which did non take Nikita Khrushchev's plan of de-Stalinization, however he did not become a Maoist himself. At the aforementioned time, he consolidated his power over the Korean communist movement. Rival leaders were eliminated. Pak Hon-yong, leader of the Korean Communist Party, was purged and executed in 1955. Choe Chang-ik appears to have been purged as well.[55] [56] The 1955 Juche spoken communication, which stressed Korean independence, debuted in the context of Kim'south power struggle against leaders such as Pak, who had Soviet backing. This was little noticed at the time until country media started talking about it in 1963.[57] [58] He transformed North Korea into what is considered by political scientists every bit a personalist dictatorship, where power was centralized in Kim personally.[59] [60]
Kim Il-sung'southward cult of personality had initially been criticized by some members of the regime. The North Korean ambassador to the USSR, Li Sangjo, a fellow member of the Yan'an faction, reported that it had become a criminal criminal offense to then much as write on Kim's film in a newspaper and that he had been elevated to the status of Marx, Lenin, Mao, and Stalin in the communist pantheon. He also charged Kim with rewriting history and so it would announced every bit if his guerrilla faction had single-handedly liberated Korea from the Japanese, completely ignoring the assistance of the Chinese People's Volunteers. In addition, Li stated that in the process of agronomical collectivization, grain was existence forcibly confiscated from the peasants, leading to "at to the lowest degree 300 suicides" and he also stated that Kim made almost all major policy decisions and appointments himself. Li reported that over thirty,000 people were in prison house for completely unjust and arbitrary reasons which were every bit fiddling as not printing Kim Il-sung's portrait on sufficient quality paper or using newspapers with his picture to wrap parcels. Grain confiscation and tax collection were besides conducted with force, which consisted of violence, beatings, and threats of imprisonment.[61]
During the 1956 August Faction Incident, Kim Il-sung successfully resisted Soviet and Chinese efforts to depose him in favor of pro-Soviet Koreans or Koreans who belonged to the pro-Chinese Yan'an faction.[62] [63] The terminal Chinese troops withdrew from the state in October 1958, which is the consensus as the latest appointment when Due north Korea became effectively contained, though some scholars believe that the 1956 August incident demonstrated North korea's independence.[62] [63]
During his rising and consolidation of power, Kim created the songbun caste system, which divided the Northward Korean people into three groups. Each person was classified as belonging to the "core," "wavering," or "hostile" form, based on his or her political, social, and economic groundwork – a system which persists today. Songbun was used to decide all aspects of a person'southward being in North Korean society, including access to education, housing, employment, food rationing, ability to bring together the ruling political party, and even where a person was allowed to live. Large numbers of people from the and so-called hostile course, which included intellectuals, land owners, and former supporters of Japan's occupying government during World War II, were forcibly relocated to the country's isolated and impoverished northern provinces. When years of dearth ravaged the country in the 1990s, those people who lived in its marginalized and remote communities were hardest striking.[64]
During his rule, North Korea was responsible for widespread human rights abuses.[65] [66] [67] Kim Il-Sung punished existent and perceived dissent through purges which included public executions and enforced disappearances. Not only dissenters but their unabridged extended families were reduced to the lowest songbun rank, and many of them were relocated to a undercover arrangement of political prison camps. These camps or kwanliso, a part of Kim'southward vast network of abusive penal and forced labor institutions, were fenced and heavily guarded colonies in mountainous areas of the country, where prisoners were forced to perform back-breaking labor such equally logging, mining, and picking crops. Most prisoners were held in these camps for life, and their living and working weather condition in them were often deadly. For example, prisoners were nearly starved to death, denied medical care, denied proper housing and clothes, subjected to sexual violence, regularly mistreated, tortured and executed by guards.[64]
Later rule
Despite his opposition to de-Stalinization, Kim never officially severed relations with the Soviet Marriage, and he did not take office in the Sino-Soviet Dissever. Later on Khrushchev was replaced by Leonid Brezhnev in 1964, Kim's relations with the Soviet Union became closer. At the same time, Kim was increasingly alienated by Mao's unstable mode of leadership, especially during the Cultural Revolution in the late 1960s. Kim in plough was denounced by Mao's Crimson Guards.[68] At the same time, Kim reinstated relations with about of Eastern Europe's communist countries, primarily with Erich Honecker'south East Germany and Nicolae Ceauşescu'due south Romania. Ceauşescu, in detail, was heavily influenced by Kim'south ideology, and the personality cult which grew around him in Romania was very similar to that of Kim.[69]
Still, Albania's Enver Hoxha (another independent-minded communist leader) was a fierce enemy of the land and Kim Il-sung, writing in June 1977 that "genuine Marxist-Leninists" will understand that the "ideology which is guiding the Korean Workers' Political party and the Communist Party of Communist china ... is revisionist" and subsequently that month he added that "in Pyongyang, I believe that even Tito volition be astonished at the proportions of the cult of his host [Kim Il-sung], which has reached a level unheard of anywhere else, either in by or nowadays times, permit lone in a country which calls itself socialist."[seventy] [71] He further claimed that "the leadership of the Communist Political party of China has betrayed [the working people]. In Korea, too, we can say that the leadership of the Korean Workers' Party is wallowing in the same waters" and claimed that Kim Il-sung was begging for aid from other countries, specially among the Eastern Bloc and non-aligned countries like Yugoslavia. As a result, relations between Northward Korea and Republic of albania would remain cold and tense correct upwardly until Hoxha's death in 1985. Although a resolute anti-communist, Zaire'due south Mobutu Sese Seko was also heavily influenced by Kim's style of dominion.[72] At the same time, Kim was establishing an all-encompassing personality cult. He developed the policy and credo of Juche in opposition to the thought of Northward Korea equally a satellite state of Cathay or the Soviet Union.
In the 1960s, Kim became impressed with the efforts of Northward Vietnamese Leader Ho Chi Minh to reunify Vietnam through guerrilla warfare and idea that something like might be possible in Korea.[73] : 30–31 Infiltration and subversion efforts were thus greatly stepped upwardly against Us forces and the leadership in South Korea.[73] : 32–33 These efforts culminated in an endeavor to storm the Blueish House and assassinate President Park Chung-hee.[73] : 32 N Korean troops thus took a much more than aggressive stance toward US forces in and around Southward Korea, engaging US Ground forces troops in fire-fights along the Demilitarized Zone. The 1968 capture of the crew of the spy ship USS Pueblo was a part of this campaign.[73] : 33
The North Korean government's practice of abducting foreign nationals, such as S Koreans, Japanese, Chinese, Thais, and Romanians, is another practice of Kim Il-Sung which persists to the present day. Kim Il-Sung planned these operations to seize persons who could exist used to support Democratic people's republic of korea's overseas intelligence operations, or those who had technical skills to maintain the socialist state'due south economic infrastructure in farms, construction, hospitals, and heavy industry. Co-ordinate to the Korean War Abductees Family Union (KWAFU), those abducted by Due north Korea subsequently the state of war included 2,919 civil servants, 1,613 police force, 190 judicial officers and lawyers, and 424 medical practitioners. In the hijacking and seizure of Korean Airlines flight YS-11 in 1969 past Northward Korean agents, the pilots and mechanics, and others with specialized skills, were the only ones never permitted to render to Due south Korea. The full number of foreign abductees and disappeared is yet unknown, but is estimated to include more 200,000 people. The vast majority of disappearances occurred or were linked to the Korean State of war, but hundreds of South Koreans and Japanese people were abducted betwixt the 1960s and 1980s. A number of South Koreans and nationals of the Communist china have also been apparently abducted in the 2000s and 2010s. At least 100,000 people remain disappeared.[64]
A new constitution was proclaimed in December 1972, which created an executive presidency. Kim gave upward the premiership and was elected president. On 14 April 1975, Democratic people's republic of korea discontinued nearly formal utilize of its traditional units and adopted the metric system.[74] In 1980, he decided that his son Kim Jong-il would succeed him, and increasingly delegated the running of the authorities to him. The Kim family unit was supported by the army, due to Kim Il-sung'south revolutionary record and the support of the veteran defense government minister, O Mentum-u. At the 6th Party Congress in October 1980, Kim publicly designated his son as his successor. In 1986, a rumor spread that Kim had been assassinated, making the concern for Jong-il's ability to succeed his begetter actual. Kim dispelled the rumors, however, by making a serial of public appearances. It has been argued, yet, that the incident helped found the order of succession—the first patrifilial in a communist land—which eventually would occur upon Kim Il-Sung'due south death in 1994.[75]
From about this time, North Korea encountered increasing economic difficulties. Republic of korea became an economical powerhouse fueled by Japanese and American investment, military help, and internal economic development, while North korea stagnated and so declined in the 1980s.[76] [77] The practical effect of Juche was to cut the country off from near all strange trade in lodge to go far entirely self-reliant. The economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping in China from 1979 onward meant that trade with the moribund economy of N Korea held decreasing interest for Cathay. The Revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Marriage, from 1989–1992, completed Northward Korea's virtual isolation. These events led to mounting economic difficulties considering Kim refused to issue any economical or political reforms.[78]
Kim Il-sung's calcium deposit tumor is noticeable on the back of his head in this rare newsreel still image during a diplomatic meeting between him and Chinese Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong in Beijing, 1970.
As he aged, starting in the 1970s, Kim developed a calcium deposit growth on the right side of the dorsum of his neck. It was long believed that its close proximity to his encephalon and spinal string made it inoperable. Nevertheless, Juan Reynaldo Sanchez, a defected bodyguard for Fidel Castro who met Kim in 1986 wrote later that it was Kim's own paranoia that prevented it from being operated on.[79] Because of its unappealing nature, N Korean reporters and photographers were required to photo Kim while standing slightly to his left in gild to hide the growth from official photographs and newsreels. Hiding the growth became increasingly difficult every bit the growth reached the size of a baseball by the late 1980s.[eighty] : xii
Kim Il-sung's 80th birthday ceremony with international guests, Apr 1992
To ensure a full succession of leadership to his son and designated successor Kim Jong-il, Kim turned over his chairmanship of North korea'due south National Defense Commission—the body mainly responsible for control of the armed forces besides as the supreme commandership of the country'south at present 1000000-human strong armed forces force, the Korean People'due south Army—to his son in 1991 and 1993. So far, the elder Kim—even though he is dead—has remained the country's president and the chairman of the Party'southward Central Military Commission, the party'due south organization that has supreme supervision and authorization over military matters.
In early 1994, Kim began investing in nuclear power to offset energy shortages brought on by economical bug. This was the first of many "nuclear crises". On nineteen May 1994, Kim ordered spent fuel to be unloaded from the already disputed nuclear research facility in Yongbyon. Despite repeated chiding from Western nations, Kim continued to conduct nuclear research and carry on with the uranium enrichment program. In June 1994, former Us president Jimmy Carter travelled to Pyongyang in an attempt to persuade Kim to negotiate with the Clinton Administration over its nuclear plan.[81] To the astonishment of the United States and the International Diminutive Energy Agency, Kim agreed to halt his nuclear research program and seemed to be embarking upon a new opening to the West.[82]
Decease
On the tardily morning of viii July 1994, Kim Il-sung collapsed from a sudden centre attack at his residence in Hyangsan, Northward Pyongan. After the heart assail, Kim Jong-il ordered the team of doctors who were constantly at his father'southward side to go out, and arranged for the country'south all-time doctors to be flown in from Pyongyang. Later several hours, the doctors from Pyongyang arrived, just despite their efforts to salvage him, Kim Il-sung died later that twenty-four hours at the historic period of 82. After the traditional Confucian mourning catamenia, his expiry was alleged thirty-4 hours later.[83]
Kim Il-sung's decease resulted in nationwide mourning and a ten-day mourning menstruum was declared by Kim Jong-il. His funeral was scheduled to exist held on 17 July 1994 in Pyongyang but was delayed until 19 July.[84] Information technology was attended past hundreds of thousands of people who were flown into the city from all over North Korea. Kim Il-sung'south body was placed in a public mausoleum at the Kumsusan Palace of the Lord's day, where his preserved and embalmed body lies nether a glass bury for viewing purposes. His caput rests on a traditional Korean pillow and he is covered by the flag of the Workers' Party of Korea. Newsreel video of the funeral at Pyongyang was broadcast on several networks, and tin now be found on various websites.[85]
Personal life
Kim's start wife, Kim Jŏng Suk, and his son, Kim Jong-il
Kim Il-sung married twice. His first wife, Kim Jong-suk (1917–1949), gave nascence to two sons and one daughter earlier her death in childbirth during the delivery of a stillborn girl. Kim Jong-il was his oldest son. The other son (Kim Man-il, or Shaura Kim) of this marriage died in 1947 in a pond accident. A girl, Kim Kyong-hui, was born in 1946.
Kim married Kim Song-ae (1924–2014) in 1952, and it is believed that he had iii children with her: Kim Yŏng-il (not to exist confused with the one-time Premier of North korea with the same name), Kim Kyŏng-il, and Kim Pyong-il. Kim Pyong-il was prominent in Korean politics until he became ambassador to Hungary. In 2015, Kim Pyong-il became administrator to the Czechia, merely officially retired in 2022 and resides once over again in N Korea.
Kim was reported to have had other children with women who he was not married to.[86] They included Kim Hyŏn-nam (born 1972, head of the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Workers' Party since 2002).[87]
Awards
According to Northward Korean sources, Kim Il-sung had received 230 strange orders, medals and titles from 70 countries since the 1940s until, and after, his expiry.[88] They include: The Soviet Guild of the Red Banner and the Order of Lenin (twice),[89] [90] Star of the Democracy of Indonesia (first grade), the Bulgarian Order of Georgi Dimitrov (twice), the Togolese Gild of Mono (Grand Cross), the Order of the Yugoslav Star (Dandy Star),[91] the Cuban Order of José Martí (twice), the East German language Order of Karl Marx (twice), the Maltese Xirka Ġieħ ir-Repubblika, the Burkinabe Gild of the Gold Star of Nahouri, Order of the One thousand Star of Accolade of Socialist Ethiopia, the Nicaraguan Augusto Cesar Sandino Order, the Vietnamese Golden Star Guild,[90] the Czechoslovak Order of Klement Gottwald,[92] the Royal Society of Cambodia (Grand Cantankerous),[93] the National Gild of Madagascar (first class, Grand Cantankerous),[94] the Mongolian Lodge of Sukhbaatar,[95] and the Romanaian orders of Social club of Victory of Socialism and Order of the Star of the Romanian Socialist Republic (first form with band).[90] [96]
Legacy
-
A mural in Pyongyang of a young Kim Il-sung giving a speech
Kim Il-sung was a godlike effigy within North korea, but his personality cult struggled to extend beyond the country'southward borders.[97] There are over 500 statues of him in Democratic people's republic of korea, similar to the many statues and monuments that Eastern Bloc leaders put up in honor of themselves.[98] The most prominent are at Kim Il-sung University, Kim Il-sung Stadium, Mansudae Hill, Kim Il-sung Bridge and the Immortal Statue of Kim Il-sung. Some statues have reportedly been destroyed by explosions or damaged with graffiti past North Korean dissidents.[4] : 201 [99] Yŏng Saeng ("eternal life") monuments take been erected throughout the land, each dedicated to the departed "Eternal Leader".[100]
Kim Il-sung's prototype, especially his posthumous portrait released in 1994, is prominent in places associated with public transportation, which hangs at every North Korean train station and airport.[98] Information technology is also placed prominently almost the border crossings betwixt China and North Korea.[101] At the border outside of Yanji, South Korean tourists could pay the local Chinese residents for a film taken against the scenery of Democratic people's republic of korea beyond the Tumen River, with the portrait of Kim Il-sung looming large at the background.[102] Thousands of gifts to Kim Il-sung from strange leaders are housed in the International Friendship Exhibition.[103]
Kim Il-sung'due south birthday, "Solar day of the Sun", is celebrated every yr as a public holiday in North korea.[104] The associated April Leap Friendship Fine art Festival gathers hundreds of artists from all over the world.[105]
There is a Kim Il Sung Park, a Kim Il Sung Aisle, and a Kim Il Sung monument in Damascus, Syrian arab republic.[106]
Works
Kim Il-sung was the writer of many works. Co-ordinate to Northward Korean sources, these amount to approximately 10,800 speeches, reports, books, treatises, and others.[107] Some, such as the 100-volume Complete Collection of Kim Il-sung's Works ( 김일성전집 ), are published past the Workers' Party of Korea Publishing House.[108] Before long before his decease, he published an eight-volume autobiography, With the Century.[35] : 26
According to official N Korean sources, Kim Il-sung was the original writer of many plays and operas.[109] 1 of these, The Bloom Girl, a revolutionary theatrical opera, was adapted into a locally produced feature pic in 1972.[110] [111] [12] : 178
See besides
- Kimilsungia
- Kim Tu-bong
- Residences of Northward Korean leaders
- "Vocal of General Kim Il-sung"
- Listing of things named after Kim Il-sung
- Korean independence movement
- Jeongju Gim (Kim)
- Communism in Korea
- Workers' Party of Korea
Notes
- ^ Choi Yong-kun was previously head of state every bit the President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Associates.
- ^ Kim Yong-nam became later caput of state equally the President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly.
- ^ In 2021, the official English translation of Kim Jong-un'south preferred title, Chairman, was changed to "President". Nonetheless, the Korean word 위원장, meaning "Chairman", was not replaced.[1]
- ^ Officially transcribed as Kim Il Sung by North Korean sources.
References
- ^ Koh, Byung-joon (17 February 2021). "Northward.K. state media utilise 'president' as new English championship for leader Kim". Yonhap News Agency . Retrieved 17 Feb 2021.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Kim Il Sung". American Heritage Lexicon of the English language Language (Fifth ed.). n.d. Retrieved half dozen March 2017.
- ^ "Encyclopaedia Britannica Kim il-sung". encyclopaedia Britannica.com. Encyclopaedia Britannica Holding S.A.,Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 3 Jan 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
{{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link) - ^ a b c d e Jasper Becker (1 May 2005). Rogue Regime : Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of Northward Korea . Oxford University Press. p. 44. ISBN978-0-nineteen-803810-8.
- ^ "Soviets groomed Kim Il Sung for leadership". Vladivostok News. 10 January 2003. Archived from the original on 10 June 2009.
- ^ a b c d e Lankov, Andrei (2002). From Stalin to Kim Il Sung: The Formation of North Korea 1945–1960. Rutgers University Press. ISBN978-0813531175.
- ^ a b Cumings, Bruce (17 September 2005). Korea'due south Place in the Dominicus: A Modern History (Updated). New York: W Westward Norton & Co. ISBN978-0-393-32702-1. Archived from the original on 18 May 2016.
- ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. p. 56. ISBN978-0-415-23749-9.
- ^ Robinson, Michael E (2007). Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey . Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 87. ISBN978-0-8248-3174-v.
- ^ Oberdorfer, Don; Carlin, Robert (2014). The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History. Basic Books. pp. 13–xiv. ISBN9780465031238.
- ^ 美资料揭秘：金日成是冒牌金日成(图) (in Chinese). 14 Baronial 2009. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
- ^ a b Kim Il-sung (1994). With the Century (PDF). Vol. 2. Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House. OCLC 28377167. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
- ^ a b c d e Suh, Dae-sook (1988). Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN0231065736.
- ^ a b "Soviet Officer Reveals Secrets of Mangyongdae". Daily NK. 2 Jan 2014. Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 15 Apr 2014.
- ^ a b c d Baik Bong (1973). Kim il Sung: Volume I: From Birth to Triumphant Return to Homeland. Beirut, Lebanese republic: Dar Al-talia.
- ^ Andrei Lankov (2004). The DPRK yesterday and today. Informal history of North korea. Moscow: Восток-Запад (English: E-West). p. 73. 243895.
- ^ Kimjongilia – The Motion picture – Larn More Archived xviii September 2010 at the Wayback Auto
- ^ Byrnes, Sholto (seven May 2010). "The Rage Against God, By Peter Hitchens". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 12 May 2010.
- ^ Sohn, Won Tai (2003). Kim Il Sung and Korea's Struggle: An Anarchistic Firsthand History. Jefferson: McFarland. pp. 42–43. ISBN978-0-7864-1589-2.
- ^ Smith, Lydia (eight July 2014). "Kim Il-sung Decease Anniversary: How the N Korea Founder Created a Cult of Personality". International Business Times Great britain. Archived from the original on half-dozen October 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
- ^ Sang-Hun, Choe; Lafraniere, Sharon (27 Baronial 2010). "Carter Wins Release of American in North korea". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017.
- ^ Kim Il-Sung, "Let Usa Repudiate the 'Left' Adventurist Line and Follow the Revolutionary Organizational Line" contained in On Juche in Our Revolution (Foreign Languages Publishers: Pyongyang, Korea, 1973)3.
- ^ Yamamuro, Shin'ichi (2006). Manchuria Nether Japanese Dominion. ISBN9780812239126. Archived from the original on 18 May 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
- ^ Suh, Dae-Sook (1981). Korean Communism, 1945–1980: A Reference Guide to the Political Organization. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii. pp. ix, 19. ISBN978-0-8248-0740-5.
- ^ Kim Il-Sung, "Let Us Repudiate the 'Left' Adventurist Line and Follow the Revolutionary Organizational Line" independent in On Juche in Our Revolution, pp.1–15.
- ^ Kim Il-Sung, "On Waging Armed Struggle Against Japanese Imperialism" on 16 Dec 1931 contained in On Juche in Our Revolution, pp. 17–20.
- ^ a b c d Bradley One thousand. Martin (2004). Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader: Democratic people's republic of korea and the Kim Dynasty. Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN978-0-312-32322-6.
- ^ Robinson, Michael E (2007). Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey . Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 87, 155. ISBN978-0-8248-3174-5.
- ^ a b Lone, Stewart; McCormack, Gavan (1993). Korea since 1850. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire. p. 100.
- ^ 寸麗香 (23 December 2011). 金日成父子與周保中父女的兩代友誼. people.com.cn (in Traditional Chinese). Retrieved 1 June 2019.
- ^ Fyodor Tertitskiy (4 February 2019). "How an obscure Red Army unit became the cradle of the North Korean elite". NK News. Retrieved ane June 2019.
- ^ Buzo, Adrian (2016). The Making of Modern Korea (Third ed.). London: Routledge. p. 270. ISBN978-ane-317-42278-v.
- ^ "Wisdom of Korea". ysfine.com. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013.
- ^ a b O'Neill, Mark. "Kim Il-sung's cloak-and-dagger history". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 15 Apr 2014.
- ^ a b Armstrong, Charles (15 April 2013). The North Korean Revolution, 1945–1950. Cornell Academy Press.
- ^ a b Lankov, Andrei (25 Jan 2012). "Terenti Shtykov: the other ruler of nascent North. Korea". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
- ^ "Defense". Archived from the original on half dozen March 2016.
- ^ Blair, Clay, The Forgotten War: America in Korea, Naval Found Press (2003).
- ^ Malkasian, Carter (2001). The Korean War 1950–1953. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 13. ISBN978-ane-57958-364-iv.
- ^ "DPRK Diplomatic Relations". NCNK. xi April 2017. Archived from the original on nineteen April 2014.
- ^ "Norht Korea A to Z". KBS World. Archived from the original on v March 2008.
- ^ Behnke, Alison (1 August 2012). Kim Jong Il'due south Northward Korea. ISBN9781467703550.
- ^ a b Weathersby, Kathryn, "The Soviet Role in the Early Stage of the Korean State of war", The Periodical of American-E Asian Relations 2, no. 4 (Winter 1993): 432
- ^ a b Goncharov, Sergei N., Lewis, John West. and Xue Litai, Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War (1993)
- ^ a b Mansourov, Aleksandr Y., Stalin, Mao, Kim, and Mainland china's Determination to Enter the Korean War, xvi September – xv Oct 1950: New Evidence from the Russian Archives, Cold State of war International History Project Bulletin, Bug six–7 (Winter 1995/1996): 94–107
- ^ Sudoplatov, Pavel Anatoli, Schecter, Jerrold Fifty., and Schecter, Leona P., Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness—A Soviet Spymaster, Little Brown, Boston (1994)
- ^ Mossman, Billy (29 June 2005). The states Army in the Korean War: Ebb and Menstruum Nov 1950 – July 1951. University Press of the Pacific. p. 51.
- ^ Sandler, Stanley (1999). The Korean War: No Victors, No Vanquished . The University Press of Kentucky. p. 108.
- ^ a b David Halberstam. Halberstam, David (25 September 2007). The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean State of war. Hyperion. Kindle Edition.
- ^ Bethany Lacina and Nils Petter Gleditsch, Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths Archived 12 October 2013 at the Wayback Auto, European Periodical of Population (2005) 21: 145–166.
- ^ "25 October 1950". teachingamericanhistory.org.
- ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. p. 140. ISBN978-0-415-23749-ix.
- ^ Cumings, Bruce (2005). Korea's Place in the Dominicus: A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton & Visitor. p. 434. ISBN978-0-393-32702-1.
- ^ Robinson, Michael E (2007). Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey . Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 153. ISBN978-0-8248-3174-five.
- ^ Lankov, Andrei N., Crunch in Due north Korea: The Failure of De-Stalinization, 1956, Honolulu: Hawaii University Printing (2004), ISBN 978-0-8248-2809-7
- ^ Timothy Hildebrandt, "Uneasy Allies: Fifty Years of China-North korea Relations" Archived 24 February 2022 at the Wayback Automobile, Asia Plan Special Report, September 2003, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
- ^ Chung, Chin O. Pyongyang Between Peking and Moscow: Northward Korea's Involvement in the Sino-Soviet Dispute, 1958–1975. Academy of Alabama. 1978.
- ^ French, Paul (2014). Democratic people's republic of korea: State of Paranoia. New York: St. Martin's Printing.
- ^ Wright, Joseph; Escribà-Folch, Abel (seven Apr 2022). "Why the all-time way to cease strongmen like Putin is to prevent their ascension in the first place". The Chat. The Conversation. Retrieved nine April 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Song, Wonjun; Wright, Joseph (July 2018). "THE Due north KOREAN AUTOCRACY IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE". Periodical of Due east Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. 18 (two): 157–180. doi:ten.1017/jea.2018.8.
- ^ Ri, Sang-jo. "Letter from Ri Sang-jo to the Central Commission of the Korean Workers Political party". Woodrow Wilson Center. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
- ^ a b Chung, Chin O. Pyongyang Betwixt Peking and Moscow: Due north Korea's Involvement in the Sino-Soviet Dispute, 1958–1975. Academy of Alabama, 1978, p. 45.
- ^ a b Kim Immature Kun; Zagoria, Donald S. (December 1975). "Northward Korea and the Major Powers". Asian Survey. 15 (12): 1017–1035. doi:ten.2307/2643582. JSTOR 2643582.
- ^ a b c N Korea: Kim Il-Sung'southward Catastrophic Rights Legacy thirteen Apr 2016. Human Rights Watch, 2016.
- ^ Black Book of Communism. p. 564.
- ^ The Worst of the Worst: The World's Most Repressive Societies Archived 7 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Freedom House, 2012.
- ^ Statistics of democide – Chapter ten – Statistics Of North Korean Democide – Estimates, Calculations, And Sources by Rudolph Rummel.
- ^ "Brezhnev-Kim Il-Sung relations". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 23 Baronial 2012.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Behr, Edward Kiss the Hand You Cannot Bite, New York: Villard Books, 1991 page 195.
- ^ Enver Hoxha, "Reflections on Cathay 2: Extracts from the Political Diary", Plant of Marxist–Leninist Studies at the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania, Tirana, 1979, pp 516, 517, 521, 547, 548, 549.
- ^ Radio Gratuitous Europe/Radio Liberty Research 17 December 1979 quoting Hoxha'south Reflections on China Volume II: "In Pyongyang, I believe that even Tito will exist astonished at the proportions of the cult of his host, which has reached a level unheard of anywhere else, either in past or nowadays times, let alone in a country which calls itself socialist." "Albanian Leader's 'Reflections on China,' Volume 2". CEU.hu. Archived from the original on viii September 2009. Retrieved xxx October 2008.
- ^ Howard W. French, With Rebel Gains and Mobutu in French republic, Nation Is in Upshot Without a Government Archived 30 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times (17 March 1997).
- ^ a b c d Lankov, Andrei (2015). The Real Northward Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-939003-8.
- ^ "DPR Korea", Official site, Asia–Pacific Legal Metrology Forum, 2015, archived from the original on ix February 2017 .
- ^ Haberman, Clyde; Times, Special to The New York (17 November 1986). "Kim Il Sung, at 74, Is Reported Dead". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
- ^ Bluth, Christoph (2008). Korea. Cambridge: Polity Press. p. 34. ISBN978-07456-3357-2.
- ^ "Democratic people's republic of korea - From 1970 to the expiry of Kim Il-Sung". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ "North korea'southward Trade With the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe". Open Society Archives. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016.
- ^ Juan Reinaldo Sanchez, The Double Life of Fidel Castro: My 17 Years every bit Personal Bodyguard to El Lider Maximo, Penguin Press (2014) p. 234.
- ^ Cumings, Bruce (2003). North korea: Another Country . New York: New Printing. p. 115. ISBN978-ane-56584-940-two.
- ^ Blakemore, Erin (ane September 2018). "Bill Clinton Once Struck a Nuclear Deal With Due north Korea". history.com. A&E Goggle box Networks. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
- ^ "Chronology of U.S.-North Korean Nuclear and Missile Diplomacy". Arms Control Clan. Archived from the original on 22 Apr 2012.
- ^ Demick, Barbara: Naught to Envy: Ordinary Lives in North Korea. p. 92
- ^ "Democratic people's republic of korea postpones Kim's funeral". The Straits Times. 17 July 1994.
- ^ Scenes of lamentation after Kim Il-sung's expiry on YouTube
- ^ Saxonberg, Steven (fourteen February 2013). Transitions and Non-Transitions from Communism: Regime Survival in Red china, Republic of cuba, North Korea, and Vietnam. Cambridge University Press. p. 123. ISBN978-1-107-02388-viii. Archived from the original on xviii May 2016.
- ^ Henry, Terrence (1 May 2005). "Later Kim Jong Il". The Atlantic . Retrieved 1 October 2014.
- ^ Jo Am; An Chol-gang, eds. (2002). "The Strange Orders and Honorary Titles Awarded to President Kim Il Sung". Korea in the 20th Century: 100 Significant Events. Translated by Kim Yong-nam; Kim Kyong-il; Kim Jong-shm. Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House. p. 162. OCLC 276996886.
- ^ Westad, Odd Arne (2017). The Cold State of war: A World History. New York: Basic Books. p. 190. ISBN978-0-465-09313-7.
- ^ a b c "Kim Il Sung". Who'south Who in Asian and Australasian Politics. London: Bowker-Saur. 1991. p. 146. ISBN978-0-86291-593-3.
- ^ Acović, Dragomir (2012). Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik. p. 605.
- ^ "Řád Klementa Gottwalda: za budování socialistické vlasti" (PDF) (in Czech). Archiv Kanceláře Prezidenta Republiky. 17 Jan 2015. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
- ^ News from Hsinhua News Agency: Daily Bulletin. London: Xin hua tong xun she. i October 1965. p. 53. OCLC 300956682.
- ^ Summary of World Broadcasts: Far East, Function three. Reading: Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. 1985. OCLC 976978783.
- ^ Sanders, Alan J. K. (2010). "Orders and medals". Historical Lexicon of Mongolia (Third ed.). Lanham: Scarecrow Printing. p. 551. ISBN978-0-8108-7452-7.
- ^ "Gifts of Globe People". Korea Today. No. 304–315. Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House. 1982. p. 58. ISSN 0454-4072.
- ^ Immature, Benjamin R. (half dozen April 2021). Guns, Guerillas, and the Nifty Leader: North Korea and the Third World. Stanford University Press. p. 99. ISBN978-1-5036-2764-two.
Kim Il Sung was a godlike figure within the DPRK only his personality cult struggled to extend across the North Korean borders.
- ^ a b Portal, Jane (2005). Fine art under control in Democratic people's republic of korea. Reaktion Books. p. 82. ISBN978-1-86189-236-2.
- ^ "N.Korean Dynasty's Dominance Challenged". The Chosun Ilbo. 13 Feb 2012. Archived from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved nine Nov 2012.
- ^ "Controversy Stirs Over Kim Monument at PUST". Daily NK. Archived from the original on 12 April 2010. Retrieved 24 Apr 2010.
- ^ Pulford, Ed (1 August 2019). Mirrorlands: Russia, China, and Journeys in Between. Oxford University Press. p. 233. ISBN978-1-78738-287-ix.
Although periodically closed when cross-border tensions rise, Tumen's bridge over to Namyang is also an attraction, i I was initially uncertain about visiting given the proximity of uniformed border guards and effulgent portraits of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il on a building on the other side.
- ^ Chen, Xiangming (four February 2005). Equally Borders Curve: Transnational Spaces on the Pacific Rim. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 167. ISBN978-0-7425-7081-8.
Outside the city of Yanji, about the Tumen River, South Korean tourists could pay the local Chinese residents for a film taken against the backdrop of Democratic people's republic of korea, just across the water, with the giant portrait of the late leader, Kim Il Sung, looming large (Lawrence, 1999).
- ^ "North Korean museum shows off leaders' gifts". The Historic period. Reuters. 21 Dec 2006.
- ^ "Birthday of Kim Il-sung". Holidays, Festivals, and Celebrations of the Earth Dictionary (Fourth ed.). Omnigraphics. 2010. Retrieved three May 2015 – via TheFreeDictionary.com.
- ^ Choi Vocal Min (sixteen April 2013). "Leap Art Festival Off the Schedule". Daily NK. Archived from the original on 13 March 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ "Kim Il Sung Park Damascus Syrian arab republic". Koryo Tours. 15 Apr 2019.
- ^ "Immortal classical works written by President Kim Il Sung". Naenara. May 2008. Archived from the original on 2 Apr 2015. Retrieved sixteen January 2015.
- ^ "'Complete Collection of Kim Il Sung's Works' Off Printing". KCNA. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved xvi January 2015.
- ^ Suk-Yong Kim (2018). "Dead Begetter's Living Torso: Kim Il-sung's Seed Theory and North Korean Arts". In Kaminskij, Konstantin; Koschorke, Albrecht (eds.). Tyrants Writing Poesy. Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 159. ISBN978-963-386-202-5.
- ^ 가극 작품. NK Chosun (in Korean). Archived from the original on 1 December 2005. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ 金日成原创《卖花姑娘》5月上海唱响《卖花歌》. Sohu Amusement (in Chinese (Prc)). 26 March 2008. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
Further reading
- Baik Bell, "From Nascency to Triumphant Render to Homeland," "From Building Democratic Korea to Chollima Flight," and "From Independent National Economic system to 10-Signal Political Plan".
- Blair, Clay, The Forgotten War: America in Korea, Naval Found Printing (2003).
- Kracht, Christian, The Ministry Of Truth: Kim Jong Il's North Korea, Feral House, Oct 2007, 132 pages, 88 color photographs, ISBN 978-1-932595-27-7.
- Lee Chong-sik. "Kim Il-Song of Democratic people's republic of korea." Asian Survey. University of California Press. Vol. vii, No. six, June 1967. DOI x.2307/2642612. Available at Jstor.
- NKIDP: Crisis and Confrontation on the Korean Peninsula: 1968–1969, A Critical Oral History
- Sudoplatov, Pavel Anatoli, Schecter, Jerrold Fifty., and Schecter, Leona P., Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness—A Soviet Spymaster, Little Brown, Boston (1994).
- Szalontai, Balázs, Kim Il Sung in the Khrushchev Era: Soviet-DPRK Relations and the Roots of North Korean Despotism, 1953–1964. Stanford: Stanford Academy Press; Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Centre Printing (2005).
External links
- Nicolae Ceausescu'southward visit to Pyongyang, Democratic people's republic of korea, in 1971
- "Conversations with Kim Il Sung" at the Wilson Center Digital Archive
- Kim Il-sung at Curlie
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Il-sung
0 Response to "Ill Never Ill Never Ill Never Again Even if I Live to Be 100 Ir 110"
Postar um comentário